The problem of defencelessness among children in low-income families

Abstract

Defencelessness among children is a global health and social care issue, with millions affected by poverty, violence, neglect and limited access to essential services. With a primary focus on vulnerable children from low-income families in the UK, this dissertation investigates the complex relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and the structural inequalities that contribute to defencelessness. The study begins by defining key concepts and applying theoretical frameworks to explain how financial hardships can increase children’s exposure to stress and trauma. It then examines the short and long-term consequences of ACEs; including poor physical and mental health, educational difficulties, social exclusion and intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. The role of stigma and intersecting factors in compounding the marginalization of children, such as race, gender and SES are focused on, with the consequences of these factors hindering future opportunities. This study also assesses the influence of healthcare, education and child protection policies in revealing how under-resourced systems can perpetuate inequality, hindering a child’s development. This dissertation concludes with recommendations, emphasising the urgent need for systemic reform to address these inequalities and ensure that all children, regardless of background have access to safety, support and opportunity.