Behind bars and changing climates: A global scoping review on the impact of climate change on the health of people deprived of their liberty

Abstract

Background: Climate change poses significant risks to incarcerated populations, who are particularly vulnerable due to confinement and limited agency.  

Methods: This scoping review examined the current literature on climate change’s impacts on prison health to identify key themes and research gaps. A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases for peer-reviewed and grey literature. Studies were screened and data extracted following established scoping review methodologies.  

Results: Thematic analysis was used to synthesize findings. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Key themes included: 1) Geographic focus predominantly on the United States, with limited global perspectives 2) High vulnerability and exposure of incarcerated populations to climate hazards, particularly extreme heat 3) Significant health impacts, including increased mortality and mental health risks 4) Infrastructure challenges in prisons ill-equipped for climate stresses 5) Legal and policy considerations around constitutional rights and climate resilience 6) Inadequate disaster preparedness and response in correctional settings 7) Environmental justice and sustainability concerns in prison systems.  

Conclusion: This review highlights critical gaps in empirical research on climate change impacts in prisons, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Findings underscore the urgent need for improved infrastructure, health interventions, and disaster preparedness in correctional facilities. The predominance of opinion pieces and legal analyses indicates a need for more data-driven studies. Addressing this complex issue requires interdisciplinary approaches integrating climate science, public health, and criminal justice perspectives. Policymakers and prison administrators must prioritise climate resilience measures to protect this vulnerable population.