Exploration of interventions in county lines and the challenges that professionals face for effective delivery, within the city of Liverpool: A qualitative study.

Public Health Dissertation Prize Winner

Abstract

Background: The phenomenon of children being exploited by county lines has been widely researched in relation to the grooming process, the push and pull factors that lead a child into county lines and the significant physical and mental health impact that the child suffers as a result. There has been little academic research, however, in the interventions that professionals deliver and the challenges and the barriers that they face in doing so. This study focuses on the Liverpool area, which is now after London, the top exporter of drugs via county lines.

Methods: A qualitative approach was utilised to conduct the research, underpinned by grounded theory. A total of seven participants were recruited via purposive sampling. Semi- structured interviews were conducted. Interviews were recorded and then transcribed. Thematic analysis was then implemented to analyse the results.

Results: The findings yielded six themes and several sub- themes. The challenges to successful delivery of interventions were identified as: contextual safeguarding and a no grass culture within Liverpool. Schooling and education were also identified as a barrier, particularly due to exclusion and the provision of alternative placements. Thirdly, multi- agency working and information sharing also impacted on delivery of interventions. The understanding of terminology in relation to county lines and its tendency to criminalise the child was also identified. The push and pull factors of county lines emerged as a theme, with acknowledgement that most children who were exploited have suffered adverse childhood experiences. Strong drivers from poverty, familial criminality and children with additional educational needs were identified. Finally, the lack of funding and resources for agencies who are working with children involved in county lines was also a strong theme.

Conclusion: County lines is child abuse and a complex public health issue. Professionals are faced with strong challenges to deliver effective interventions to children who are involved in this activity. Changes in traditional child protection methods should be considered, alongside an agreed national definition of child criminal exploitation, which does not criminalise the child. More funding and resourcing for communities and professionals are needed. Tackling county lines should be a priority for the United Kingdom Government.